An Arduino board can be powered in more than one way depending on the project — on the desk while programming, or as a standalone finished project away from the computer — and each method has its own voltage and current profile.
Power via USB port
The default method during programming and testing, supplying 5V at up to 500mA from a properly enumerated computer port, or 100mA if not enumerated. Suitable for development but impractical for a finished project away from the computer.
AC-to-DC adapter via the power jack
This jack accepts 7-12V from an AC-to-DC adapter, and the board's onboard regulator steps it down to a safe 5V for the circuit. This is the best method for stationary projects connected to household power.
Direct supply via the VIN pin
A battery (typically 9V) can be connected directly to the Vin and GND pins, within the same accepted voltage range (7-12V) and a current recommended not to exceed roughly 500mA — the best method for portable projects independent of any fixed power source.
Direct supply via the 5V pin
This method bypasses the onboard regulator entirely by connecting an already-regulated 5V source directly to the 5V and GND pins.
The Arduino board automatically selects the highest available voltage when more than one power source is connected at once, but checking polarity and voltage before connecting remains an essential step to avoid any damage.
You can find power adapters and batteries suited to Arduino projects at Juthour Tech.
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